DRD4 (Dopamine receptor gene type D4)
About DRD4 (DRD4-1 & DRD4-2)
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in several crucial bodily functions. To be effective, dopamine attaches to specific receptors called dopamine receptors. In our brain, there are 5 types of these receptors, namely D1 to D5. They mainly affect the behaviour of pigeons. The exact mechanism by which point mutations in the DRD4 gene affect pigeon performance remains to be investigated further.
Two point mutations are tested together on the DRD4 gene: DRD4-1 and DRD4-2. These are displayed on results as 1 result, where the 2 front letters represent DRD4-1 and the 2 back letters represent DRD4-2. The DRD4(CTCT) variant is significantly more present in the best-performing pigeons. Most double heterozygotes (CTCT individuals) were found among the best-performing pigeons in extremely long-distance races. Literature studies of a Belgian group of racing pigeons showed that 91.59% have the genotype DRD4-1(CC) and 8.41% have the genotype DRD4-1(CT).
- DRD4-1 has a presumed influence on orientation and initiative
- DRD4-2 is thought to affect character and perseverance
Suitable samples
Feathers
- One set of 4-5 freshly plucked breast feathers or 2-3 tail or wing feathers
- Fallen moulting feathers, down feathers and blood feathers should be avoided. These sometimes contain insufficient DNA or can cause damage to the feather follicle when pulled out.
- Blood feathers are the new feathers that can be recognised by the blue sleeve at the base of the plume.
- To avoid contamination, the shaft (the end of the feather that comes out of the bird's skin) must not be touched with the hands
Blood sample
- Small amounts (capillary tube) are sufficient for accurate analysis
Cheek swab of a nestling
- A gentle way to collect DNA from young birds
- Caution: avoid mixing with food or food waste
Results
- Processing time 2-3 working days
- You will receive an email when your results and certificate are available on your personal portal